fraudulent deceptions to convince their clients that they were communicating with the dead (as may also be true today). On the other hand, many mediums may have been possessed by demons who spoke through them and who represented themselves as being spirits of dead people (as may also happen today). In this case, something supernatural happened—but it does not necessarily follow that what she saw was Samuel. In fact, she did not characterize the specter as “Samuel,” but rather in the plural as “gods